Wednesday, April 8, 2020

RADHA GAVE TEACHING ON DIVINE LOVE AND DEVOTION TO UDDHAV


Krishna spent his adorable childhood at Vrindavan with Gopis.  As His childhood was over, Krishna had to choose between His duty and His love for Radha.  Krishna chose duty over love.
Krishna decided to go to Mathura and put an end to the atrocity of Kansa.  But Krishna had to leave His soul mate Radha behind.
Krishna says to Radha; "I should stand for what is right.  It is duty that defines us isn’t it?
Radha replies, "You are right and I also know you have decided to go to Mathura. You would be worried that I will be very sad when you are gone.  But I have full faith in my love and you will return to me before I even think of You.  Am I not correct?"
Krishna says, "Radha, I will not be able to return, neither to Vrindavan, nor to You."
Radha replies, "I will not hold You back.  Why should I hold You inside the miniature closet of My world?  I want you to carry on with your voyage. The world waits for you. Please go.  Be safe in doing your duty."
Krishna thus leaves Radha, the embodiment of selfless love and devotion. 
At Mathura, Uddhav happens to be a close friend and intimate devotee of Krishna.  Uddhav was a learned man but he had pride deep in his mind.  Krishna had sensed the ego of Uddhav. 
One day Uddhav saw Krishna in a deep thought and asked the reason for his sadness.
Krishna says; “The memories of Vrindavan is painful to me.  The people of Vrindavan would be simply thinking of Me.  I am also missing them very much.  I am missing the unconditional love of Radha.
Uddhav says; “How can You, the one who provides salvation, be entangled in Maya -the illusion?  
Krishna says; “I am not sad just because I am missing them but because they are in same condition as I am, which I can’t see.”
Uddhav says; “Why don't You free them from the pain of separation?  Tell them that You are the Supreme Soul and you reside in everyone’s heart?  This knowledge will relieve them off their pain.”
Krishna tells Uddhav; “Could you please go to Vrindavan on my behalf and give them the teaching on divine knowledge.
Tell them to stop hurting themselves by thinking about Me.  Tell them to worship My divine form and do their Karma wholeheartedly.  In doing so; they will reach My abode and attain Moktsa –liberation.”
Uddhav considered it a trivial job and left for Vrindavan with his puffed up ego. Before leaving, Uddhav asked about the message to be delivered but Krishna said he had none.
Uddhav was received at Vrindavan as a representative of Krishna. 
On the first day Uddhav says to Yasodha and Nanda, the foster parents of Krishna; “You have fixed your minds solely on Krishna.
Since you are absorbed in ecstatic thought of Krishna, you have achieved the highest state of being.  I therefore request you both, not to lament on  Krishna's absence.
Krishna is supreme divine being, the embodiment of supreme divinity. 
We are forced to take birth on account of our Karma but Krishna is not bound by Karma. 
He manifests for protection of His devotees. He is the master and he is not affected by the material modes of nature.  He creates, maintains and dissolves the whole cosmic manifestation.”
Next day, Uddhav met Gopis who were simply absorbed in the thought of Krishna.
Radha, the embodiment of love and devotion, was so much absorbed in thought of Krishna that she began to talk with a bumblebee in presence of Uddhav.
To the bumblebee Radha says; "Bumblebee, you are accustomed to drinking honey from the flowers, and therefore you have preferred to be a messenger of Krishna, who is of the same nature as you.  
My dear friend, I welcome you.  Krishna is so kind and affectionate to Me that He has sent you, for carrying My message to Him.
My dear friend, ask Me whatever you want.  I shall speak out of my heart because you are so kind upon Me.  You have come to take My message to Krishna because He is not able to come here.”
Uddhav had come to pacify Gopis but he ran into trouble.  Nonetheless, he began saying; "My dear Gopis, you are all wonderful devotees of Krishna.
You have developed divine relationship with Krishna which is difficult even for great sages.
I understand that transcendental knowledge of the Absolute is no longer necessary for you.  You all have attained the true love for Krishna hence you are already on the platform of liberation.
Anyone engaged in selfless love and devotion is situated on the transcendental platform of liberation.
Krishna has separated Himself from you to enable you all to be in constant meditation on Krishna."
In response Radha says; “Krishna is Param Brahmn Narayan, the husband of the Goddess of fortune, and He is self-sufficient.  
We are constantly remembering Him.  It is impossible for us to forget Him. We are always simply praying for Him.”
Uddhav then tries to give them the teaching of Nirgun Brahma.
But Gopis say to Uddhav; “We don't know, what is Sagun and what is Nirgun.  We only know about our love with Krishna.”
After listening to Gopis, Uddhav damned his knowledge.  He knew everything but never felt presence of God.
Gopis were experiencing oneness with God.  Uddhav felt, his dry knowledge is of no use.
On his way to Vrindavan, Uddhav had written message of Krishna to Radha.  Thinking that it would please Radha, he handed over the message to Radha. 
Radha read the message and says, “Uddhav, this message says your study is still not complete.”
Uddhav was stunned.  How could she have known this?’  
Radha says to Uddhav, “I love Krishna and trust Him in far beyond you can imagine.  We are two bodies but same soul.  There is nothing to be said in between us.  We have walked the path of trust, love, devotion and sacrifice for so long that there are no boundaries in My being and His.  He does not need to send Me messages.  He is my message.  He is my love letter.
Uddhav, you have not learned yet to trust Krishna.  You have not learned to give up your ego, and cotrol your wondering mind.
Your ego stands between you and supreme awakening.
Erasing the sense of duality and being one with the universe, being one with the One who beholds universe, is the gist of the Vedas, Upanishads and Sutras.”
Radha explained the deepest mysteries of life to Uddhav and Uddhav found all the answers to his profound questions in philosophies.
Uddhav asks Radha, “How can you be in Love with Krishna and still remain free from bonds of life?
How did you get the highest knowledge staying in the village doing household jobs?”
Radha says, “Each moment requires you to take sides.  If you always take side of truth and love, you will gain insights.
Each insight awakens you from the illusion and takes you a step closer to the supreme awakening.
There is distinction between the love that results from insecurity and the love that results from faith.
The former results in bond.  The later results in freedom.
The former gets lost.  The later transcends.
The former leads to fear of death.  The later leads to enlightenment and Nirvana.”
Uddhav further asks, “How can you be awakened without leaving the society and becoming a monk?”
Radha says, “Where a man reaches by renouncing the world, a woman reaches by embracing the world in its wholeness.”
Uddhav asks, “Is there no point in pursuit of knowledge?  If it is not, then what is the meaning of life?”
Radha says, “Your ability to give it any meaning is the meaning of life.
The pursuit of money is not the same as pursuit of wealth, pursuit of sensation is not the pursuit of happiness, pursuit of titles is not the pursuit of knowledge. These pursuits are in synergy for some time, but they are at conflict later.  
You should wake up, and open your eyes.”
Radha’s answers turned all of Uddhav’s knowledge upside down and inside out.
Uddhav’s ego surrendered.  The constantly evolving thoughts in his mind stopped.  He saw a totally new world, an eternal, peaceful world where everything seemed in harmony, peace and blissful. 
Uddhav applied dust of Radha's feet all over his face and body and bed farewell to Gopis and started his return journey. 
When Uddhav reached Mathura, he took refuge at the feet of Krishna.  Krishna picked him up and asked about everybody in Vrindavan and said, "how did you pacify them?  Did you free them from their painful grief of separation?"
Uddhav got emotional and says, "Oh my Lord, why did you send me to teach Gopis?  You knew all along how they are and how they relate to you.  No one can teach them; they not only know about Your being, they are filled with You."
Krishna replies, "Uddhav, that was what missing in your knowledge.  Your spiritual journey is now complete.  You shall share the gems of knowledge to others and hereafter you shall be known as Maha-Rishi".  
  
Thus Krishna gave his final teaching to Uddhav, which is known as Uddhav Gita.
Radhay ! Radhay !
After Uddhav returned to Mathura, Radha through her devotion merged with Krishna -the Supreme Soul. 
Radha visualized Krishna in the darkness of the rain clouds above the black water of the Yamuna, and entered into that darkness from where She had come.  

RADHAY ! RADHAY !

A Teaching of Mahadev to Parvati


In Hindu Dharma, Shiva is the formless non-substantial womb, from which everything comes into the state of being and the absolute abyss into which everything is returned and reposed.
Shiva is both, the void, Sunyata, and the matter.  Shiva is the Absolute Being and Shakti is the cosmic energy of Shiva.  Shiva is activated by Shakti, the absolute cosmic power.  With Shakti, the phenomenal world emerges from Shiva and dissolves back into Shiva. 
Shiva is impersonal inactive pure consciousness while Shakti is active power of pure consciousness.  The essential nature of Shiva and Shakti is formless. 
Shiva is the source of power of Shakti.  Shiva is both, a part of Shakti and Shakti himself.  Conversely Shakti is both, a part of Shiva and Shiva herself.
Shiva and Shakti are inseparable un-manifested Supreme Being and hence revered is the form a dark Linga representing un-imaginable dark abyss. 
With Shakti, Shiva is manifested in both non-substantial and substantial forms.  

Shakti is activity to Shiva’s inactivity and she is one complete whole vibration transcending both substantial and non-substantial being. 
Shiva is lifeless without Shakti and so is Shakti, lifeless without Shiva.  Such is Shiva and Shakti, and hence suchness is their relation.  They are one. Shiva is Shakti and Shakti is Shiva.

 In form, Shiva and Shakti are Mahadev and Parvati.  Mahadev is the ultimate man and Parvati the ultimate woman. 

The divine form of Parvati is Goddess Durga who is life in her own wake, without her the world ceases to exist.
In form, Mahadev is giving secret teaching to Parvati since the timeless beginning and continues to infinite span of time.  The teachings are immensely valuable for all of us living a divine human life. 
Once Parvati inquired Mahadev about highest virtue and worst sin a man can commit.  In response Mahadev tells to Parvati that there are five secrets which are essential to everyone with which one earns highest virtue and in absence of which one is destined to commit sin.
1. Honesty and truthfulness
The biggest virtue of a man is to be honorable and always be truthful, whilst the biggest sin is to be dishonest or to support such an act.  A person should always indulge in acts which are honest and true and does not harm the righteousness of their being.

2. Awareness and mindfulness

A person should always diligently follow the rule of being a self-attester; meaning one should keep in check one’s own acts and one’s own eye-witness.  This would make sure that one does not indulge in heinous acts or acts which are morally incorrect.

3. Cultivate wakeful mind, speech and action

One should never indulge or associate with any kind of action that involves sin with mind, speech and actions. Whatever a man reaps is the fruit of what he chose to sow in the first place. So, a person should be mindful of how one choose one’s life and actions

4. Renunciation of attachment

Attachment is the root cause of all problems.  Attachment and endearment lead to stagnation and hinders success.  When you are free of all attachment and temptations of the world, there is nothing that will stop you from achieving success in life. The only way to detach is to train mind and make it understand the temporariness of the human life. 

5. Meditation is one miraculous thing that will change your life

Temptation is the only reason for all sufferings.
A human being rather than running after sensual object, one after the other, should rather practice meditation to be your own being and attain salvation from the cycle of Karma.
Om Namah Shivaya !
Reverence to He who is Param Brahmn.
Reverence to He who embodies all forms.
Reverence to He who is all encompassing past, present and future
May you the Supreme Soul, the Divine Light descent in the heart and mind of all sentient beings and destroy the darkness of ignorance causing us to suffer.
Om Namah Shivaya!
Reverence to He who is cosmic energy and reside at the deepest level of our inner consciousness as Shakti. 
Reverence to He who is pure consciousness. 
Reverence to He who is Brahmn -the source and repose of all existence.
May we take refuge in He who is Nirguna Shiva for Peace, Harmony and Happiness.
Om Namah Shivaya !
In one episode, Virabhadra and Bhadrakali emanated from Mahadev, and they were directed to destroy Daksha and his Yajnya being performed out of his ignorance, anger, arrogance and hatred.
Virbhadra beheaded Daksha and the Yajnya was destroyed. 
Seeing the destruction Brahma along with all Gods took refuge in Shiva and began praying to Shiva for pardon and pleaded to give life to Daksha.
Yielding to the plea of Brahma, Daksha was brought to life by placing a head of a goat on the torso of the dead body of Daksha.  Coming to life Daksha repented on his action in ignorance and pleaded for forgiveness for his sinful immoral act.  Mahadev forgave and told Daksha; “Salvation cannot be attained merely by performing rituals.  If you are desirous of salvation then engage yourself in virtuous action.” 
Om Namah Shivaya !

Monday, March 30, 2020

Connecting Bhutanese Farmers to Market with Cold Chain Logistics



Background


Bhutanese agriculture is characterized by isolated small land holding farmers who do not have assured access to market.  Transporting small quantity, particularly the fresh produce, by individual farmer to a distant market does pay off in economic terms. 
Traditionally the focus of agriculture development was on increasing agriculture production with no consideration on return on investment.  It was believed that by increasing crop yield the income earning for the farmer would increase.  The assumption was the cost of inputs and technologies would not affect income earning much and market for farm produce were taken for granted that once surplus production is there market would be available.  These assumptions turned out to be wrong and the progress of the production led policy was heavily constrained by increased cost of production and the disconnection between farmers and the market.
Providing market to the Bhutanese farmers across the country now calls for corporate engagement.  A public sector corporate body is inevitable to play the role of a buyer, warehouse operator, transporter and retailers. 
With right policy support and fiscal support the private sector can efficiently connect farmers with market and create job in the private sector.  The private sector can take up the business of collection, reefer storage, transport and distribution which however should guarantee good return on investment.  A department within the bureaucracy cannot accomplish this task.  Doing a trading job by bureaucratic institutions will remain ineffective and inefficient and the private sector will not prompt until the return on investment is guaranteed.
Until the produce of every Bhutanese farmer does not reach the consumer market, the livelihood of Bhutanese farmers will remain impoverished.  For providing market for fresh produce at the national level, construction and efficient operation of cold chain is inevitable.  Only with the cold chain in place, other B2B (Business to business) initiatives like contract farming and agro processing could to be prompted. 
Much resource has been spent and many options have been tried, yet most Bhutanese farmers have remained disconnected from the market.  It is this lacuna which has been the reason why Bhutan is unable to achieve self sufficiency in vegetables. 
Bhutan should have been the net exporter given the natural advantage of wide range of attitudes in the country.  There is insatiable market across the border in India during whole of summer season and it is during season Bhutan has the ideal growing condition at mid and high altitude areas.
It was assumed that when farm roads are constructed, farmers will bring their produce to the market and self sufficiency in food would be achieved.  The local markets at Dzongkhag and regional levels will be full of fresh vegetables.  Farm roads have now reached most villages, yet the import of rice, edible oil and fresh vegetables continues to rise. 
Connecting farmers growing small volume of fresh vegetables at distant locations to the markets was long been felt.  Based on this long felt need, the strategy of having a cold-chain in the country has to be realized without which the agriculture development will remain an unfulfilled dream. 
The cold chain is inevitable to provide the logistic service from the point of production to consumers.  Besides providing market for every Bhutanese farmer the cold chain will minimize huge post-harvest loss and control high retail price.
The development of cold-chain should be justified by the objective of achieving self –sufficiency and self-reliance in fresh fruits and vegetables, and promotion of agro-processing.  With the market being there farmers would be prompted to adopt commercial farming and earn profit with higher return on investment.
However, for justifying investment decision for having cold chain, there is lack of data on production and market demand to assess the expanse and size of cold-chain facilities.  It has been the constraint to specify the policy incentives for prompting private sector investment in establishing and operating some or all of the components of the cold chain.  It is an area where public-private-partnership (PPP) model could be pursued in the event of the absence of public sector corporate body.

Understanding of Cold-chain Logistics

Fresh produce have short shelf life and their holding period even when in the cold-chain is short. 
Presenting fresh produce at retail shops at their best quality standards is a challenge particularly when the scale of production at individual farm level is small and scattered, and away from the major markets and the markets at the national level are disconnected.  In such situation a cold chain logistic is inevitable, without which it is not possible to connect farmers with markets. 
The cold chain becomes imperative if the nation is committed to be self-sufficient and self reliant on food particularly fresh fruits and vegetables.  In fulfilling this national objective it is inevitable to engrain the economic perception making Bhutanese agriculture profitable for which enabling farmers to adopt technologies and linking every farmer to market are absolutely necessary.
A cold chain alone links a farmer producing fresh produce to a consumer.  A cold chain is more than a cold storage and all its components must be operated as system and not in isolation.  Each component must be strategically located and linked to each other as a single unit.  The basic components and their desired locations are:
Sl No
Cold-chain Components
Desired Location
1
Pack-house (PH)
In production areas
4
Cold Storage -Bulk
Close to production areas
3
Cold Storage –Hub.
Close to markets./ distribution center.
2
Reefer Transport
From pack-house to wholesale buyer
6
Last Mile Transport
Within a mega market
7
Front-end retailing
Last mile merchandising
The basic features of the major components of a cold-chain:
Pack-House (PH)
Pack-house is the starting or entry point of a cold-chain. 
A pack-house does to job of aggregation of small volumes typically produced by Bhutanese farmers having small land holding.
It consists of facilities for pre-cooling, sorting, grading, washing, packaging, and staging (cold room). 
A cold room is a necessary use for temporary storage of produce until dispatch. 
Cold Store -Bulk
Cold Store –Bulk is designed for bulk storage of perishable produce.  It is built near the production areas and it is fed by a number of Pack House around it.  It is relatively large in size and linked to Pack Houses of the area and to the Cold Store –Hub.
It is designed for longer duration storage so as to build an inventory buffer for stabilizing and sustaining the supply to Cold Store –Hub.
Cold Store -Hub
Cold Store -Hub is designed for short-term storage and handling.  It is built near to major markets to serves as a distribution logistics platform for front-end retailers. 
Reefer Transport
Trucks having fixed insulated body equipped with active refrigeration referred as ‘reefer transport’ is necessary for transport of fresh produce particularly from Cold Storage-Bulk to Cold Storage –Hub.
Based on storage temperature requirement of different fresh produce, the cold storage chambers are segmented into four segments based on temperature:
1.  Chill
The majority of fruits and vegetables are stored at ‘Chill’ condition in which the temperature range is between 0oC and 10oC.
 2..Mild Chill
Typical tropical fresh fruits and vegetables are stored at “Mild-Chill” condition of which the temperature range is between 10oC and 20oC.
3..Normal
Normal refers to uncontrolled ambient conditions for non cold-chain products, e.g. Onion which may be stored at 20oC temperature or at higher than 20oC.  
4..Frozen
“Frozen” refers to extreme cold temperature below -180C and generally referred as deep freezing. 

Justification for Investment on Cold Chain

Bhutan has diverse agro-ecology which naturally provides immense opportunity to become self sufficient in fresh vegetables.  However, vegetables are imported on a regular basis from India across border undermining the long felt commitment for self sufficiency and self reliance on food. 
Importing large amount of fresh vegetables throughout the year on regular basis not only draining huge amount of INR contributing to trade deficit but also has kept Bhutanese farmers deprived of the opportunity of earning income from growing vegetables. 
Bhutanese farmers at national level at distant locations have remained disconnected from the market for two reasons.  Firstly it is due to lack of infrastructure for aggregation, warehousing and moving the products to the consumer market, and secondly due to lack of corporate approach with public sector corporate body responsible for buying farm produce from the farmers and operating the warehouse and cold chain at the national level. 
Bhutan can achieve its goal of becoming self-sufficient in fresh vegetables with economic upliftment of small land holding Bhutanese farmers. 
Cold chain infrastructure could be built by the government and let a mandated public sector corporate body to operate the cold chain.  Trading job by the bureaucratic departments, be it for agriculture inputs or for farm produce is simply not the right thing to do.  Nonetheless in Bhutan the agricultural inputs are traded by different institutions of the bureaucracy and there is a department of marketing for marketing within the bureaucracy. 
If right policy support is provided and investment by private sector is incentivized which guarantees return on investment, private sector would come forward for investment and operation of cold chain.
If the cold chain is put in place and private and corporate entities are given the task of operating the cold chain, the self-sufficiency in fresh vegetables will be a guaranteed outcome. 
With the cold chain in operation jobs for the youth would be created along the value chain and Bhutanese farming would become more business like enterprise.

STRATEGIC DIRECTION

Lack of information on the dynamics of market demand and the production trend and assessment of potential presents an uncharted environment for making right investing decision with regards to size and scale of cold chain.  It is therefore a techno-economic feasibility study is needed to provide a basis for right policy decision for establishing a Cold Chain Logistics.
Such a study should provide strategic direction to develop appropriate cold-chain infrastructure cross tabbed with production and demand trends to ensure economic viability.
The study should provide a comprehensive assessment of the requirement of end-to-end uninterrupted cold-chain following the farm-to-fork model based on information on production and market demand forecast generated and ascertained by primary and secondary research data.
The perceived cold-chain when put in place and managed should ensure uninterrupted supply of fresh vegetables to the consumer market at one hand, and on the other hand ensures market to the farmers at the national level.
Specifically the study should determine the requirement of cold-chain infrastructure specifying the size, numbers and locations. 
Cold-chain supporting agriculture and food industry is a thriving area for private sector if the policies are right and guaranteed.  It is an area where public and private sector could come together to ensure stability of the economy and food security of the nation.  The policy however must be grounded for most appropriate business model.
Since operating the cold-chain requires knowledge and specific skills in several areas including knowledge of product specific storage requirements, good practices in handling & packaging of food products, and skills required for the operation of cooling technologies, the study should provide inputs for capacity building.
For the strategic policy decision makers, the availability of the following information will determine the success: “Current production and growth potential vis-a-vis the demand of the domestic markets cross tabbed with population and its growth.”
The availability and accuracy of the above information will determine the accuracy of the plan in terms of size and scale of the essential components of cold-chain logistics.
Detailing the size and scale of pack house, cold stores, reefer trucks and accurate cost-benefit analysis is necessary for investment decision.  Hence the baseline information on production, market demand and population dynamics must be sufficient and accurate. 
Normally an inverse approach is pursued to have the baseline information starting from the market and population end.  To be successful it is advised to adopt the approach, methods and technologies, which have been tested and proven to be successful for projects of similar nature.  However, one should always explore the opportunities to further improve methodologies for delivering best output possible.
The current production may exceed the demand but in the scenario where demand exceeds the production, the initiative for increasing the production should be prescribed. 
Hence the production and consumption data remains the main determinants for assessing development needs of cold-chain infrastructure.
For detailing the design of cold stores, it is necessary to have the information of the volume of product groups having different holding life.  It will provide the basis to have cold rooms by temperature range as chill (0-100C), mild-chill (10-200C), and normal conditions (at or above 200C).
The primary research should generate the real time data with the objective to assess the present production and market scenario, aiming to determine the requirement of cold-chain in size and scale. 
The primary data on production and growth both in crop yield and production area, and market should be obtained through participatory questionnaire survey through direct interview method and/ or focused group discussions.  
The secondary research should involve collection of available statistical data on production, size of demand of domestic markets, import and export volumes, and views of stakeholders.
The data should be carefully analyzed using standard statistical tools such as SPSS software or Excel Spreadsheet.
Based on the information gathered, per capita consumption should be determined and the market demand should be projected using the population growth figure and the per capita consumption. 
The production projection should be supported by the scope of increasing the crop yield (production per unit area and time) and the scope of increasing the area under the influence of market demand.
The size and scale of cold chain is determined with market demand cross tabbed with production potential. 
Using the thumb rule, a space generally considered for 1 mt of fresh produce is 3.4 cubic meter of volumetric capacity for all products.
The pack house which is considered not in operation throughout the year, a unit with handling capacity of 16 MT could be considered following a standard norm.  A multiple of this unit capacity could be considered for each production area, if justified. 
With regards to reefer transport, the quantity and frequency of demand should be used to estimate the kind and number of reefer vehicles.
POLICY DIRECTION
Importing food compromises the national commitment for self-reliance and economic independence.  Hence food should be imported only upon exhausting the possibilities and economic advantages of growing food in the country. 
Food sovereignty should always be the highest priority of the nation.  The focus of developing agriculture should be on increasing production of healthy food, keeping environment clean and earning high return on investment.
Now the climate change has become a reality.  For food importing countries the source of food supply or the supply chain could be disrupted when disasters happen.  Hence it is inevitable that Bhutan should have a law to ensure support, improve and promote food production and marketing within reasonable limits, and realize the national goal of self reliance.
Bhutan has come a long way without a basic law on food and agriculture.  It is perhaps now is the high time to have a basic law on food and agriculture to stabilize and improve the life of rural dwellers and to develop national economy.  Such a law alone would ensure achieving national objective of self-reliance through comprehensive and systematic policies on food, agriculture and rural areas by means of basic principles, strategies and actions clarifying the responsibilities of national and local governments. 
Acknowledging the multi-functional role of agriculture in sustainable development, such a basic law should guarantee minimum food supply even in situation of disasters so that no significant adverse impact is on the normal life of the citizens and smooth operation of the national economy.